Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Slovakia's road diesel supply was 383 kt: 62% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (23%) and Czechia (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (64%), and 25% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia243 kt (est. 64%)Kazakhstan12 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom10.0 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan10.0 kt (est. 3%)Libya3.0 kt (est. <1%)Iraq2.2 kt (est. <1%)Norway2.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins5.0 kt (est. 1%)United Kingdom: no crude data88 kt (23%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery2.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)Slovakia (own refineries)237 kt (62%)United Kingdom88 kt (23%)Czechia32 kt (8%)Austria10 kt (3%)Germany8.1 kt (2%)Hungary4.1 kt (1%)Slovenia2.2 kt (<1%)Poland1.5 kt (<1%)Slovakia: road diesel supply383 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Czechia
- Austria
- Germany
- Hungary
- Slovenia
- Poland
- Russia243 kt (est. 64%)
- Kazakhstan12 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom10.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan10.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya3.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq2.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway2.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins5.0 kt (est. 1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data88 kt (23%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery2.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Dec 2023)
10.2 thousand tonnes
3% of Slovakia's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Kazakhstan4.4 kt (est. 44%)
- Libya2.1 kt (est. 20%)
- Iraq1.0 kt (est. 10%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 236,693 | 61.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 87,860 | 23.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 31,946 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 10,169 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 8,082 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 4,115 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 2,226 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Poland | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 1,462 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 227,065 | 95.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 87,860 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Czechia | 13,029 | 40.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia (own refineries) | 9,628 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 9,232 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 6,097 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 4,445 | 43.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,265 | 40.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 3,181 | 77.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 2,226 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,058 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 1,916 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,601 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 985 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 975 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 888 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 862 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 840 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 784 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 754 | 51.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Slovakia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 688 | 6.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 655 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Poland | 580 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Slovakia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 508 | 12.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 500 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 499 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 331 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 306 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 268 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 243 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 158 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 59 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 48 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Slovakia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 21 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (87,860 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,125 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (2,226 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,007 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.