Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Slovakia's road diesel supply was 476 kt: 56% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (24%) and Czechia (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (48%) and Azerbaijan (9%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia230 kt (est. 48%)Azerbaijan43 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan19 kt (est. 4%)Norway7.7 kt (est. 2%)Hungary7.1 kt (est. 1%)Libya5.1 kt (est. 1%)United States2.9 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins10.0 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom: no crude data114 kt (24%)Slovakia: crude not from imports28 kt (6%)Smaller flows: no refinery3.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia (own refineries)269 kt (56%)United Kingdom114 kt (24%)Czechia54 kt (11%)Germany19 kt (4%)Austria17 kt (4%)Slovenia3.8 kt (<1%)Slovakia: road diesel supply476 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Czechia
- Germany
- Austria
- Slovenia
- Russia230 kt (est. 48%)
- Azerbaijan43 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan19 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway7.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Hungary7.1 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya5.1 kt (est. 1%)
- United States2.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins10.0 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data114 kt (24%)
- Slovakia: crude not from imports28 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery3.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2024)
10.0 thousand tonnes
est. 2% of Slovakia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported10.0 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Germany6.1 kt (est. 61%)
- Austria3.9 kt (est. 39%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 268,990 | 56.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 113,540 | 23.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 53,867 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 19,190 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 17,050 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 3,782 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 214,037 | 79.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 113,540 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Slovakia: crude not from imports | Slovakia (own refineries) | 28,234 | 10.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 22,465 | 41.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia (own refineries) | 19,576 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 15,596 | 29.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 8,271 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 8,157 | 47.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary | Slovakia (own refineries) | 7,142 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 6,108 | 31.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 3,854 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 3,782 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | Czechia | 3,610 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,588 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,874 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 2,828 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 2,312 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,169 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 2,033 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,893 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,245 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,141 | 6.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 793 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Austria | 545 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 524 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 100 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (113,540 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovakia: crude not from imports (28,234 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (3,782 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,278 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,134 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.