Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Slovakia's road diesel supply was 396 kt: 63% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (17%) and Czechia (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (51%), Azerbaijan (10%) and Hungary (6%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia202 kt (est. 51%)Azerbaijan41 kt (est. 10%)Hungary24 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan20 kt (est. 5%)Norway19 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia12 kt (est. 3%)Libya3.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins8.0 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom: no crude data65 kt (17%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.2 kt (<1%)Slovakia (own refineries)250 kt (63%)United Kingdom65 kt (17%)Czechia52 kt (13%)Austria14 kt (4%)Germany14 kt (4%)Hungary0.2 kt (<1%)Slovenia0.2 kt (<1%)Slovakia: road diesel supply396 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Czechia
- Austria
- Germany
- Hungary
- Slovenia
- Russia202 kt (est. 51%)
- Azerbaijan41 kt (est. 10%)
- Hungary24 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan20 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway19 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia12 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya3.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins8.0 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data65 kt (17%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2025)
19.8 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of Slovakia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported20 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Czechia10 kt (est. 51%)
- Austria7.6 kt (est. 39%)
- Germany2.0 kt (est. 10%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 249,548 | 63.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 65,381 | 16.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 52,370 | 13.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 14,432 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 13,928 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 201,538 | 80.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 65,381 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Hungary | Slovakia (own refineries) | 23,605 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 22,207 | 42.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia (own refineries) | 18,315 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 16,882 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 10,135 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 7,645 | 53.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 6,090 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 5,886 | 42.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 3,146 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 2,347 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 2,144 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 2,106 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,960 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,821 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,178 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,097 | 7.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,035 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 328 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 299 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 262 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 252 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 159 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Russia | Hungary | 140 | 71.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 29 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 27 | 13.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (65,381 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,452 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,035 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (159 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.