Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Slovakia's road diesel supply was 390 kt: 63% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (18%) and Czechia (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (58%) and Azerbaijan (13%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia225 kt (est. 58%)Azerbaijan49 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan15 kt (est. 4%)Libya2.2 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia1.7 kt (est. <1%)United States1.2 kt (est. <1%)Norway1.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins3.4 kt (est. <1%)United Kingdom: no crude data72 kt (18%)Slovakia: crude not from imports14 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery2.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)Slovakia (own refineries)247 kt (63%)United Kingdom72 kt (18%)Czechia47 kt (12%)Austria16 kt (4%)Germany6.0 kt (2%)Slovenia2.5 kt (<1%)Hungaryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia: road diesel supply390 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Czechia
- Austria
- Germany
- Slovenia
- Hungary
- Russia225 kt (est. 58%)
- Azerbaijan49 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan15 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya2.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia1.7 kt (est. <1%)
- United States1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway1.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins3.4 kt (est. <1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data72 kt (18%)
- Slovakia: crude not from imports14 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery2.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Dec 2024)
2.5 thousand tonnes
<1% of Slovakia's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Smaller flows: no refinery2.5 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 247,000 | 63.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 71,661 | 18.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 46,908 | 12.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 16,433 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 5,972 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 2,511 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 201,246 | 81.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 71,661 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia (own refineries) | 31,512 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 23,301 | 49.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 16,169 | 34.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovakia: crude not from imports | Slovakia (own refineries) | 14,243 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 8,164 | 49.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 6,025 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 2,511 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,697 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,683 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 1,679 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,666 | 27.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,412 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,136 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,025 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 1,004 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,004 | 6.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Germany | 973 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 796 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 536 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 464 | 7.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 213 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 177 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 157 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 31 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 6 | 78.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 1 | 15.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 0 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 0 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (71,661 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovakia: crude not from imports (14,243 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,574 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (2,511 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,489 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.