Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Slovakia's road diesel supply was 346 kt: 62% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (20%) and Czechia (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (58%) and Azerbaijan (10%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia199 kt (est. 58%)Azerbaijan33 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia10.0 kt (est. 3%)Libya2.8 kt (est. <1%)Norway1.2 kt (est. <1%)United States1.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins2.1 kt (est. <1%)United Kingdom: no crude data68 kt (20%)Slovakia: crude not from imports12 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia (own refineries)214 kt (62%)United Kingdom68 kt (20%)Czechia45 kt (13%)Austria13 kt (4%)Germany7.0 kt (2%)Slovenia0.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia: road diesel supply346 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Czechia
- Austria
- Germany
- Slovenia
- Russia199 kt (est. 58%)
- Azerbaijan33 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia10.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya2.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway1.2 kt (est. <1%)
- United States1.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins2.1 kt (est. <1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data68 kt (20%)
- Slovakia: crude not from imports12 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jan 2025)
1.7 thousand tonnes
<1% of Slovakia's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Austria1.1 kt (65%)
- Germany0.6 kt (35%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 213,894 | 61.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 67,852 | 19.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 44,583 | 12.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 12,567 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 7,018 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 178,523 | 83.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 67,852 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Czechia | 20,562 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 17,703 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia (own refineries) | 14,647 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovakia: crude not from imports | Slovakia (own refineries) | 11,928 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 8,795 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 6,853 | 54.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 5,717 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,992 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1,804 | 25.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,235 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,128 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 1,126 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,125 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 887 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 794 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 731 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 609 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 601 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 415 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 322 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 269 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 238 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 107 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 56 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (67,852 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovakia: crude not from imports (11,928 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,737 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,570 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (107 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.