Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Slovakia's road diesel supply was 375 kt: 64% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (15%) and Czechia (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (43%), Azerbaijan (11%) and Saudi Arabia (9%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia161 kt (est. 43%)Azerbaijan40 kt (est. 11%)Saudi Arabia35 kt (est. 9%)Hungary25 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan21 kt (est. 6%)Norway12 kt (est. 3%)Ukraine8.4 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom: no crude data55 kt (15%)Czechia: crude not from imports4.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Slovakia (own refineries)239 kt (64%)United Kingdom55 kt (15%)Czechia52 kt (14%)Austria17 kt (5%)Germany11 kt (3%)Poland1.7 kt (<1%)Hungary0.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia: road diesel supply375 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Czechia
- Austria
- Germany
- Poland
- Hungary
- Russia161 kt (est. 43%)
- Azerbaijan40 kt (est. 11%)
- Saudi Arabia35 kt (est. 9%)
- Hungary25 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan21 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway12 kt (est. 3%)
- Ukraine8.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data55 kt (15%)
- Czechia: crude not from imports4.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2025)
8.4 thousand tonnes
est. 2% of Slovakia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported8.4 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Slovakia (own refineries)8.4 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 238,606 | 63.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 55,067 | 14.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 52,280 | 13.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 16,970 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 10,702 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Poland | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 1,740 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 161,396 | 67.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 55,067 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Hungary | Slovakia (own refineries) | 24,935 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 23,986 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia (own refineries) | 19,865 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 19,543 | 37.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 10,519 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 9,381 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 9,260 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Ukraine | Slovakia (own refineries) | 8,424 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 8,342 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 6,036 | 56.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 4,835 | 28.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Czechia: crude not from imports | Czechia | 4,617 | 8.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Germany | 1,652 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,545 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 1,451 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,037 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 979 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland | 924 | 53.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Slovakia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Poland | 660 | 38.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Slovakia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 324 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 176 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 169 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 156 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Slovakia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 84 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 47 | 70.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 17 | 24.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 3 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (55,067 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Czechia: crude not from imports (4,617 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,165 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,037 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.