Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Slovakia's petrol supply was 121 kt: 89% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Czechia (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (89%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia107 kt (est. 89%)United Kingdom4.4 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan3.5 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan2.9 kt (est. 2%)Libya0.8 kt (est. <1%)Iraq0.6 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia0.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Slovakia (own refineries)108 kt (89%)Czechia9.5 kt (8%)Austria3.8 kt (3%)Hungary0.2 kt (<1%)Slovakia: petrol supply121 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- Czechia
- Austria
- Hungary
- Russia107 kt (est. 89%)
- United Kingdom4.4 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan3.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan2.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: petrol supply | 107,519 | 88.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Czechia | Slovakia: petrol supply | 9,521 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Slovakia: petrol supply | 3,788 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Slovakia: petrol supply | 212 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 103,145 | 95.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia (own refineries) | 4,374 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 3,883 | 40.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 2,751 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,817 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 1,656 | 43.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 767 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 571 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Austria | 367 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 265 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 256 | 6.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 244 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 234 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 186 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 164 | 77.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 157 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 156 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 26 | 12.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 14 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 8 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (827 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (504 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.