Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Slovakia's petrol supply was 88 kt: 85% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Czechia (9%) and Austria (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (80%), Saudi Arabia (5%) and Azerbaijan (5%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia71 kt (est. 80%)Saudi Arabia4.6 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan4.5 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan3.9 kt (est. 4%)Libya1.0 kt (est. 1%)United States0.1 kt (est. <1%)Algeria0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Slovakia: crude not from imports2.4 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Slovakia (own refineries)75 kt (85%)Czechia7.9 kt (9%)Austria5.3 kt (6%)Hungary0.2 kt (<1%)Slovakia: petrol supply88 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- Czechia
- Austria
- Hungary
- Russia71 kt (est. 80%)
- Saudi Arabia4.6 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan4.5 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan3.9 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya1.0 kt (est. 1%)
- United States0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Algeria0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Slovakia: crude not from imports2.4 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: petrol supply | 74,992 | 84.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Czechia | Slovakia: petrol supply | 7,875 | 8.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Slovakia: petrol supply | 5,316 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Slovakia: petrol supply | 247 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 67,317 | 89.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 4,257 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 3,462 | 44.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 3,311 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 2,905 | 54.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovakia: crude not from imports | Slovakia (own refineries) | 2,354 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia (own refineries) | 1,064 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,032 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,025 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 506 | 9.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 341 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 260 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Hungary | 177 | 71.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 112 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 96 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 77 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Austria | 62 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 39 | 15.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 19 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 12 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of petrol in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovakia: crude not from imports (2,354 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (506 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (377 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.