Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Slovakia's road diesel supply was 415 kt: 55% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (18%), Czechia (13%) and Switzerland (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (56%) and Azerbaijan (5%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia231 kt (est. 56%)Azerbaijan21 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia14 kt (est. 3%)Libya4.3 kt (est. 1%)Norway2.4 kt (est. <1%)United States2.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins2.8 kt (est. <1%)United Kingdom: no crude data75 kt (18%)Switzerland: no crude data33 kt (8%)Czechia: crude not from imports6.9 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery1.2 kt (<1%)Slovakia (own refineries)226 kt (55%)United Kingdom75 kt (18%)Czechia52 kt (13%)Switzerland33 kt (8%)Austria16 kt (4%)Germany12 kt (3%)Slovenia1.2 kt (<1%)Hungaryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia: road diesel supply415 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Czechia
- Switzerland
- Austria
- Germany
- Slovenia
- Hungary
- Russia231 kt (est. 56%)
- Azerbaijan21 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia14 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya4.3 kt (est. 1%)
- Norway2.4 kt (est. <1%)
- United States2.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins2.8 kt (est. <1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data75 kt (18%)
- Switzerland: no crude data33 kt (8%)
- Czechia: crude not from imports6.9 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 226,433 | 54.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 74,600 | 18.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 52,168 | 12.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 32,968 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 15,793 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 11,756 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Slovakia: road diesel supply | 1,229 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 214,118 | 94.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 74,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 32,968 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 20,691 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 16,464 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 12,315 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 8,667 | 54.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 8,074 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Czechia: crude not from imports | Czechia | 6,939 | 13.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Austria | 3,040 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2,757 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,415 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1,931 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,410 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,288 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,235 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 1,229 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 1,220 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,215 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 884 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 375 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 335 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 285 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 281 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 203 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Slovakia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 12 | 74.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 3 | 20.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 0 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 0 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 0 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (74,600 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Switzerland: no crude data (32,968 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Czechia: crude not from imports (6,939 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,646 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,262 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (1,229 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.