Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Slovakia's petrol supply was 103 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Czechia (10%) and Austria (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (82%), Kazakhstan (5%) and Saudi Arabia (5%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia85 kt (est. 82%)Kazakhstan5.2 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia5.2 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan4.3 kt (est. 4%)Libya1.2 kt (est. 1%)United States0.1 kt (est. <1%)Croatialess than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Czechia: crude not from imports1.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Slovakia (own refineries)86 kt (83%)Czechia11 kt (10%)Austria6.5 kt (6%)Hungary0.3 kt (<1%)Slovakia: petrol supply103 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- Czechia
- Austria
- Hungary
- Russia85 kt (est. 82%)
- Kazakhstan5.2 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia5.2 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan4.3 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya1.2 kt (est. 1%)
- United States0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Croatialess than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Czechia: crude not from imports1.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: petrol supply | 85,886 | 83.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Czechia | Slovakia: petrol supply | 10,602 | 10.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Slovakia: petrol supply | 6,483 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Slovakia: petrol supply | 340 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 81,215 | 94.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 4,671 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 4,205 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 3,558 | 54.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 3,346 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,641 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Czechia: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,410 | 13.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,248 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 579 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 501 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 363 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Hungary | 252 | 74.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 117 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 115 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 70 | 20.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 8 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 6 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary | 4 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of petrol in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Czechia: crude not from imports (1,410 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (579 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (433 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.