Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Slovakia's petrol supply was 97 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Czechia (11%) and Austria (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (79%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia76 kt (est. 79%)Kazakhstan4.8 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan4.7 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia3.6 kt (est. 4%)Norway1.5 kt (est. 2%)Hungary1.2 kt (est. 1%)Libya1.0 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)Czechia: crude not from imports1.7 kt (2%)Slovakia: crude not from imports1.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia (own refineries)80 kt (82%)Czechia11 kt (11%)Austria6.2 kt (6%)Hungary0.2 kt (<1%)Slovenialess than 0.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia: petrol supply97 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- Czechia
- Austria
- Hungary
- Slovenia
- Russia76 kt (est. 79%)
- Kazakhstan4.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan4.7 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia3.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway1.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Hungary1.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya1.0 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Czechia: crude not from imports1.7 kt (2%)
- Slovakia: crude not from imports1.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: petrol supply | 80,223 | 82.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Czechia | Slovakia: petrol supply | 10,686 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Slovakia: petrol supply | 6,153 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Slovakia: petrol supply | 229 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 75,842 | 94.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 4,479 | 41.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 2,895 | 47.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 1,964 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,914 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Czechia: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,671 | 15.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,499 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovakia: crude not from imports | Slovakia (own refineries) | 1,209 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Hungary | Slovakia (own refineries) | 1,208 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 997 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 875 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 715 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 528 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Czechia | 408 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 394 | 6.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 267 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 196 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 170 | 74.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 39 | 17.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 26 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 13 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 4 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 4 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of petrol in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Czechia: crude not from imports (1,671 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovakia: crude not from imports (1,209 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (567 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (394 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (26 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.