Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Slovakia's petrol supply was 121 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Czechia (8%) and Austria (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (70%), Azerbaijan (10%) and Hungary (8%), and less than 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia84 kt (est. 70%)Azerbaijan12 kt (est. 10%)Hungary9.8 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan5.4 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia4.1 kt (est. 3%)Norway3.3 kt (est. 3%)Libya0.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.9 kt (est. <1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Slovakia (own refineries)104 kt (86%)Czechia10 kt (8%)Austria6.5 kt (5%)Hungary0.3 kt (<1%)Slovakia: petrol supply121 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- Czechia
- Austria
- Hungary
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: petrol supply | 103,788 | 86.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Czechia | Slovakia: petrol supply | 10,228 | 8.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Slovakia: petrol supply | 6,451 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Slovakia: petrol supply | 258 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 83,820 | 80.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary | Slovakia (own refineries) | 9,817 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia (own refineries) | 7,617 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 4,337 | 42.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 3,417 | 53.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 3,297 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 2,533 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's petrol to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,979 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 958 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 941 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 615 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's petrol to Slovakia split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 527 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 490 | 7.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Hungary | 184 | 71.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 117 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's petrol to Slovakia split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 38 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's petrol to Slovakia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 35 | 13.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of petrol in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (526 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.