Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Slovakia's jet fuel supply was 7.5 kt: 84% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (57%), Hungary (9%) and Saudi Arabia (8%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia4.3 kt (est. 57%)Hungary0.7 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia0.6 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan0.5 kt (est. 7%)United States0.3 kt (est. 3%)Ukraine0.2 kt (est. 3%)Norway0.2 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins0.6 kt (est. 8%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia (own refineries)6.3 kt (84%)Netherlands1.2 kt (16%)Slovakia: jet fuel supply7.5 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Russia4.3 kt (est. 57%)
- Hungary0.7 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia0.6 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan0.5 kt (est. 7%)
- United States0.3 kt (est. 3%)
- Ukraine0.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway0.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins0.6 kt (est. 8%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: jet fuel supply | 6,288 | 84.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Slovakia: jet fuel supply | 1,168 | 15.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 4,253 | 67.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary | Slovakia (own refineries) | 657 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 632 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 580 | 49.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia (own refineries) | 524 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 261 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Ukraine | Slovakia (own refineries) | 222 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 210 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 75 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 42 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (75 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (42 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.