Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Slovakia's jet fuel supply was 3.9 kt: 23% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (56%) and Ireland (21%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (28%), the Russia (14%) and Norway (10%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
United States1.1 kt (est. 28%)Russia0.5 kt (est. 14%)Norway0.4 kt (est. 10%)Azerbaijan0.3 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan0.3 kt (est. 8%)Iraq0.2 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom0.2 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins0.7 kt (est. 18%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (3%)Slovakia: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (1%)Slovakia (own refineries)0.9 kt (23%)Netherlands2.2 kt (56%)Ireland0.8 kt (21%)Slovakia: jet fuel supply3.9 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Slovakia (own refineries)
- Ireland
- United States1.1 kt (est. 28%)
- Russia0.5 kt (est. 14%)
- Norway0.4 kt (est. 10%)
- Azerbaijan0.3 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan0.3 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq0.2 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom0.2 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins0.7 kt (est. 18%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (3%)
- Slovakia: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Slovakia: jet fuel supply | 2,162 | 56.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia (own refineries) | Slovakia: jet fuel supply | 878 | 22.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Ireland | Slovakia: jet fuel supply | 814 | 21.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia (own refineries) | 538 | 61.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Ireland | 535 | 65.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 531 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 450 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 386 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 314 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland | 279 | 34.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia (own refineries) | 249 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 182 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 174 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 126 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Slovakia: crude not from imports | Slovakia (own refineries) | 48 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia (own refineries) | 43 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's jet fuel to Slovakia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovakia’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (126 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Slovakia: crude not from imports (48 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.