Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2026, Spain's road diesel supply was 467 kt: 54% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (22%), Morocco (9%) and Saudi Arabia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (8%), Libya (8%) and Mexico (7%), and 39% cannot be traced.
Country
United States40 kt (est. 8%)Libya39 kt (est. 8%)Mexico31 kt (est. 7%)Brazil29 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria24 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan20 kt (est. 4%)Algeria16 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins85 kt (est. 18%)United States: no crude data103 kt (22%)Morocco: no crude data41 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data28 kt (6%)Singapore: no crude data11 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)251 kt (54%)United States103 kt (22%)Morocco41 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia28 kt (6%)Italy27 kt (6%)Singapore11 kt (2%)Netherlands7.3 kt (2%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply467 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- United States
- Morocco
- Saudi Arabia
- Italy
- Singapore
- Netherlands
- France
- United States40 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya39 kt (est. 8%)
- Mexico31 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil29 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria24 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan20 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria16 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins85 kt (est. 18%)
- United States: no crude data103 kt (22%)
- Morocco: no crude data41 kt (9%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data28 kt (6%)
- Singapore: no crude data11 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2026)
16.3 thousand tonnes
est. 3% of Spain's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported16 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Spain (own refineries)15 kt (est. 95%)
- Italy0.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Netherlands0.1 kt (est. <1%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 251,182 | 53.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 102,928 | 22.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Morocco | Spain: road diesel supply | 40,501 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 27,633 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 26,825 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 10,568 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 7,274 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 102,928 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 71,353 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Morocco: no crude data | Morocco | 40,501 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 35,756 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 32,051 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 29,546 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 28,108 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 27,633 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 23,084 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 15,876 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain (own refineries) | 15,407 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 10,568 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 10,088 | 37.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 7,201 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 3,687 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,388 | 46.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,407 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,472 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 1,023 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 831 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 726 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 724 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 620 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Italy | 504 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 446 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 376 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 359 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 141 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 77 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Netherlands | 30 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8 | 28.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 8 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 3 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2026-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-02 to 2026-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (102,928 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Morocco: no crude data (40,501 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (27,633 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (10,568 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (621 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (359 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.