Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Spain's road diesel supply was 626 kt: 39% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (19%), the United States (14%) and Türkiye (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (7%) and Nigeria (5%), and 52% cannot be traced.
Country
United States46 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria34 kt (est. 5%)Libya29 kt (est. 5%)Mexico29 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan18 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins96 kt (est. 15%)India: no crude data118 kt (19%)United States: no crude data87 kt (14%)Türkiye: no crude data70 kt (11%)Israel: no crude data31 kt (5%)Origin not reported: crude unknown8.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.2 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)245 kt (39%)India118 kt (19%)United States87 kt (14%)Türkiye70 kt (11%)Italy61 kt (10%)Israel31 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates5.3 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported8.5 kt (1%)Spain: road diesel supply626 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- India
- United States
- Türkiye
- Italy
- Israel
- United Arab Emirates
- France
- Other (1)
- United States46 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria34 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya29 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico29 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia21 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan18 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins96 kt (est. 15%)
- India: no crude data118 kt (19%)
- United States: no crude data87 kt (14%)
- Türkiye: no crude data70 kt (11%)
- Israel: no crude data31 kt (5%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown8.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2023)
96.4 thousand tonnes
est. 15% of Spain's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported96 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Spain (own refineries)85 kt (est. 88%)
- Italy12 kt (est. 12%)
- Franceless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 244,946 | 39.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 117,950 | 18.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 87,260 | 13.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 69,904 | 11.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 61,149 | 9.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Israel | Spain: road diesel supply | 31,148 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Spain: road diesel supply | 8,453 | 1.4% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United Arab Emirates | Spain: road diesel supply | 5,314 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 117,950 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 87,260 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 84,778 | 34.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 69,904 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 38,020 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 31,622 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 31,148 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 28,296 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 18,000 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 17,597 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 16,576 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 12,118 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 11,680 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 11,622 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 8,453 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| United States | Italy | 8,285 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 6,102 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain (own refineries) | 5,578 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 5,314 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 4,608 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 4,167 | 6.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 2,319 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,273 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 2,160 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Mexico | Italy | 295 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 2 | 35.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 1 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 1 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 5.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (117,950 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (87,260 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (69,904 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (31,148 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (8,453 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,487 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,314 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,160 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (8,453 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.