Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Spain's road diesel supply was 572 kt: 43% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (22%), the United Arab Emirates (11%) and the United States (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), Libya (7%) and Nigeria (6%), and 36% cannot be traced.
Country
United States58 kt (est. 10%)Libya41 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria32 kt (est. 6%)Mexico28 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia25 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins125 kt (est. 22%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data62 kt (11%)United States: no crude data47 kt (8%)India: no crude data35 kt (6%)Türkiye: no crude data30 kt (5%)Switzerland: no crude data20 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery5.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)248 kt (43%)Italy125 kt (22%)United Arab Emirates62 kt (11%)United States47 kt (8%)India35 kt (6%)Türkiye30 kt (5%)Switzerland20 kt (4%)Malta5.4 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply572 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- United Arab Emirates
- United States
- India
- Türkiye
- Switzerland
- Malta
- Other (1)
- United States58 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya41 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria32 kt (est. 6%)
- Mexico28 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia25 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins125 kt (est. 22%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data62 kt (11%)
- United States: no crude data47 kt (8%)
- India: no crude data35 kt (6%)
- Türkiye: no crude data30 kt (5%)
- Switzerland: no crude data20 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery5.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2023)
125.5 thousand tonnes
est. 22% of Spain's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported125 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Spain (own refineries)100 kt (est. 80%)
- Italy25 kt (est. 20%)
- Franceless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 248,343 | 43.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 125,107 | 21.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Spain: road diesel supply | 61,934 | 10.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 46,828 | 8.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 34,708 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 29,687 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Spain: road diesel supply | 20,150 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Malta | Spain: road diesel supply | 5,375 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 100,029 | 40.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 61,934 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 46,828 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 39,280 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 34,708 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 29,687 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 27,832 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 26,272 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 25,469 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 24,856 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 23,959 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 20,150 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 18,324 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 18,232 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 17,387 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 14,399 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 11,914 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 7,030 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 5,461 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 5,434 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Malta | 5,375 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain (own refineries) | 2,706 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 2,174 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 2,115 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Mexico | Italy | 578 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 1 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 0 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 0 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 0 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 0 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (61,934 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (46,828 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (34,708 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (29,687 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Switzerland: no crude data (20,150 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,461 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (5,375 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,289 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.