Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Spain's road diesel supply was 706 kt: 34% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (26%), Singapore (14%) and Kuwait (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (8%), the United States (7%) and Nigeria (5%), and 43% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya58 kt (est. 8%)United States48 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria38 kt (est. 5%)Brazil36 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan36 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan32 kt (est. 5%)Mexico32 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins120 kt (est. 17%)Singapore: no crude data100 kt (14%)Kuwait: no crude data49 kt (7%)Panama: no crude data44 kt (6%)Marshall Islands: no crude data37 kt (5%)Gibraltar: no crude data30 kt (4%)United States: no crude data20 kt (3%)Italy: crude not from imports19 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)239 kt (34%)Italy183 kt (26%)Singapore100 kt (14%)Kuwait49 kt (7%)Panama44 kt (6%)Marshall Islands37 kt (5%)Gibraltar30 kt (4%)United States20 kt (3%)Morocco4.2 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply706 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Singapore
- Kuwait
- Panama
- Marshall Islands
- Gibraltar
- United States
- Other (2)
- Libya58 kt (est. 8%)
- United States48 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria38 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil36 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan36 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan32 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico32 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins120 kt (est. 17%)
- Singapore: no crude data100 kt (14%)
- Kuwait: no crude data49 kt (7%)
- Panama: no crude data44 kt (6%)
- Marshall Islands: no crude data37 kt (5%)
- Gibraltar: no crude data30 kt (4%)
- United States: no crude data20 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude not from imports19 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2025)
120.1 thousand tonnes
est. 17% of Spain's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported120 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Spain (own refineries)81 kt (est. 67%)
- Italy39 kt (est. 33%)
- Franceless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 238,754 | 33.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 182,886 | 25.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 99,911 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: road diesel supply | 48,954 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Panama | Spain: road diesel supply | 43,795 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Marshall Islands | Spain: road diesel supply | 37,062 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Gibraltar | Spain: road diesel supply | 30,243 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 19,817 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Morocco | Spain: road diesel supply | 4,193 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 99,911 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 80,730 | 33.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 48,954 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Panama: no crude data | Panama | 43,795 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 39,371 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 37,506 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 37,259 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Marshall Islands: no crude data | Marshall Islands | 37,062 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 31,944 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 30,388 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Gibraltar: no crude data | Gibraltar | 30,243 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 30,222 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 28,149 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 27,044 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 20,805 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 19,817 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 19,282 | 10.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 10,386 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 9,962 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 9,034 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 6,191 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Morocco | 4,193 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 1,920 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Mexico | Italy | 1,448 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 11 | 36.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 4 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Singapore: no crude data (99,911 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (48,954 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Panama: no crude data (43,795 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Marshall Islands: no crude data (37,062 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Gibraltar: no crude data (30,243 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (19,817 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (19,282 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,193 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,920 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (0 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.