Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Spain's petrol supply was 953 kt: 95% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Mexico (13%) and Libya (12%), and less than 1% cannot be traced.
Country
United States139 kt (est. 15%)Mexico120 kt (est. 13%)Libya111 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria94 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan91 kt (est. 10%)Brazil80 kt (est. 8%)Venezuela59 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins257 kt (est. 27%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)907 kt (95%)Italy36 kt (4%)Lithuania8.2 kt (<1%)Portugal0.3 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply953 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Lithuania
- Portugal
- France
- United States139 kt (est. 15%)
- Mexico120 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya111 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria94 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan91 kt (est. 10%)
- Brazil80 kt (est. 8%)
- Venezuela59 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins257 kt (est. 27%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this petrol, an estimate (Jun 2026)
256.7 thousand tonnes
est. 27% of Spain's petrol supply
less than 0.1 kt reported257 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Spain (own refineries)237 kt (est. 92%)
- Italy13 kt (est. 5%)
- Lithuania6.5 kt (est. 3%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 907,377 | 95.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 36,336 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Spain: petrol supply | 8,206 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 237,112 | 26.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 133,298 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 120,064 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 102,694 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 92,994 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 84,872 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 78,406 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Spain (own refineries) | 57,938 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 12,858 | 35.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 8,599 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 6,548 | 79.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 6,269 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,412 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,569 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 1,486 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Italy | 857 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 817 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 653 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 302 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 173 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 168 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 98 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 84 | 34.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 54 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 48 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 34 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 24 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal | 23 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 18 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 16 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 6 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 4 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 4 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 3 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Mexico | France | 1 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month that can be drawn, the month its country page shows). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (997 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.