Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Spain's road diesel supply was 844 kt: 32% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (19%), the Netherlands (13%) and India (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), Brazil (6%) and Libya (6%), and 40% cannot be traced.
Country
United States87 kt (est. 10%)Brazil50 kt (est. 6%)Libya50 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan48 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia41 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria38 kt (est. 4%)Iraq35 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins156 kt (est. 19%)India: no crude data64 kt (8%)Malaysia: no crude data64 kt (8%)United States: no crude data47 kt (6%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data44 kt (5%)Türkiye: no crude data40 kt (5%)Kuwait: no crude data33 kt (4%)Italy: crude not from imports14 kt (2%)Egypt: no crude data13 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported9.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.8 kt (1%)Spain (own refineries)268 kt (32%)Italy158 kt (19%)Netherlands111 kt (13%)India64 kt (8%)Malaysia64 kt (8%)United States47 kt (6%)Saudi Arabia44 kt (5%)Türkiye40 kt (5%)Kuwait33 kt (4%)Egypt13 kt (2%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply844 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Netherlands
- India
- Malaysia
- United States
- Saudi Arabia
- Türkiye
- Other (3)
- United States87 kt (est. 10%)
- Brazil50 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya50 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan48 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia41 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria38 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq35 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins156 kt (est. 19%)
- India: no crude data64 kt (8%)
- Malaysia: no crude data64 kt (8%)
- United States: no crude data47 kt (6%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data44 kt (5%)
- Türkiye: no crude data40 kt (5%)
- Kuwait: no crude data33 kt (4%)
- Italy: crude not from imports14 kt (2%)
- Egypt: no crude data13 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported9.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.8 kt (1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (May 2024)
13.4 thousand tonnes
2% of Spain's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Egypt: no crude data13 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 268,117 | 31.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 158,298 | 18.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 110,808 | 13.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 64,445 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | Spain: road diesel supply | 64,220 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 47,418 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 44,012 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 39,859 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: road diesel supply | 33,230 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Spain: road diesel supply | 13,399 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 90,171 | 33.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 64,445 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Malaysia: no crude data | Malaysia | 64,220 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 47,418 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 46,428 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 44,012 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 42,203 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 39,859 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 38,186 | 24.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 34,226 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 33,230 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 29,144 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 27,910 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 26,038 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 22,147 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 16,595 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 15,795 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 14,493 | 9.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 14,126 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 13,799 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 13,493 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 13,399 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 12,204 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 11,245 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 11,219 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 10,094 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 9,875 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 9,296 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 7,438 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 7,108 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 6,275 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,415 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,890 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,411 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 0 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 0 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 0 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 0 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 0 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 0 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 0 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (64,445 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malaysia: no crude data (64,220 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (47,418 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (44,012 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (39,859 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (33,230 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (14,493 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Egypt: no crude data (13,399 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (9,296 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,848 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.