Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Spain's road diesel supply was 687 kt: 37% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (16%), the United States (15%) and Italy (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), Brazil (6%) and Nigeria (6%), and 41% cannot be traced.
Country
United States70 kt (est. 10%)Brazil44 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria43 kt (est. 6%)Libya31 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 4%)Iraq26 kt (est. 4%)Norway25 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins138 kt (est. 20%)United States: no crude data106 kt (15%)Kuwait: no crude data46 kt (7%)India: no crude data43 kt (6%)United Kingdom: no crude data32 kt (5%)Türkiye: no crude data31 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)251 kt (37%)Netherlands110 kt (16%)United States106 kt (15%)Italy67 kt (10%)Kuwait46 kt (7%)India43 kt (6%)United Kingdom32 kt (5%)Türkiye31 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia1.1 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply687 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- Italy
- Kuwait
- India
- United Kingdom
- Türkiye
- Other (2)
- United States70 kt (est. 10%)
- Brazil44 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria43 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya31 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan26 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq26 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway25 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins138 kt (est. 20%)
- United States: no crude data106 kt (15%)
- Kuwait: no crude data46 kt (7%)
- India: no crude data43 kt (6%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data32 kt (5%)
- Türkiye: no crude data31 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jul 2024)
less than 50 tonnes
<1% of Spain's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. 25%)
- United Statesless than 0.1 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstanless than 0.1 kt (est. 11%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 250,962 | 36.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 110,286 | 16.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 105,676 | 15.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 67,156 | 9.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: road diesel supply | 45,647 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 43,428 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Spain: road diesel supply | 31,727 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 30,624 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 1,148 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 105,676 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 97,062 | 38.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 45,647 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 43,428 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 38,870 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 33,673 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 33,246 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 31,727 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 30,624 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 25,194 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 22,090 | 32.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 19,209 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 17,656 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 15,233 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 15,052 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 12,198 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 10,573 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 10,430 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 9,925 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 8,569 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 8,185 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain (own refineries) | 6,249 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 6,162 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 6,046 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 5,574 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 5,536 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 5,475 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 5,323 | 7.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 5,149 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 3,428 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 1,148 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Italy | 856 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 795 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 646 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 3 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 3 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (105,676 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (45,647 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (43,428 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (31,727 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (30,624 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (11,486 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (8,185 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,150 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,148 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.