Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Spain's road diesel supply was 584 kt: 19% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (26%), India (22%) and Switzerland (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (9%) and Libya (6%), and 50% cannot be traced.
Country
United States50 kt (est. 9%)Libya33 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan27 kt (est. 5%)Iraq25 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria24 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan21 kt (est. 4%)Brazil19 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins93 kt (est. 16%)India: no crude data127 kt (22%)Switzerland: no crude data62 kt (11%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data43 kt (7%)Türkiye: no crude data39 kt (7%)Italy: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)111 kt (19%)Italy154 kt (26%)India127 kt (22%)Switzerland62 kt (11%)Netherlands47 kt (8%)United Arab Emirates43 kt (7%)Türkiye39 kt (7%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply584 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy
- India
- Spain (own refineries)
- Switzerland
- Netherlands
- United Arab Emirates
- Türkiye
- France
- United States50 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya33 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan27 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq25 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria24 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan21 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil19 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins93 kt (est. 16%)
- India: no crude data127 kt (22%)
- Switzerland: no crude data62 kt (11%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data43 kt (7%)
- Türkiye: no crude data39 kt (7%)
- Italy: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Nov 2023)
127.3 thousand tonnes
22% of Spain's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- India: no crude data127 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 154,297 | 26.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 127,347 | 21.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 111,482 | 19.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Switzerland | Spain: road diesel supply | 62,239 | 10.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 47,364 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Spain: road diesel supply | 42,547 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 38,795 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 127,347 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 62,239 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 43,341 | 38.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 42,547 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 38,795 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 34,945 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 25,571 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 23,614 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 20,536 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 16,165 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 15,626 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 15,178 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 14,462 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 14,276 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 13,153 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 12,988 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 11,153 | 7.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 9,064 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 6,126 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 5,573 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,157 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 4,932 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 4,009 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 3,860 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 3,614 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 3,134 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,311 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,131 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain (own refineries) | 1,282 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 940 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 2 | 38.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 1 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 0 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 0 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 0 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (127,347 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Switzerland: no crude data (62,239 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (42,547 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (38,795 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (11,153 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,865 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,134 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.