Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Spain's road diesel supply was 623 kt: 33% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (25%), Switzerland (21%) and India (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (8%) and Libya (6%), and 46% cannot be traced.
Country
United States48 kt (est. 8%)Libya39 kt (est. 6%)Brazil31 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 4%)Iraq27 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria27 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins111 kt (est. 18%)Switzerland: no crude data132 kt (21%)India: no crude data61 kt (10%)Kuwait: no crude data30 kt (5%)Türkiye: no crude data28 kt (4%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data15 kt (2%)Italy: crude not from imports7.8 kt (1%)Italy: crude origin not reported7.5 kt (1%)Spain: crude not from imports6.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)203 kt (33%)Italy154 kt (25%)Switzerland132 kt (21%)India61 kt (10%)Kuwait30 kt (5%)Türkiye28 kt (4%)United Arab Emirates15 kt (2%)Spain: road diesel supply623 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Switzerland
- India
- Kuwait
- Türkiye
- United Arab Emirates
- United States48 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya39 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil31 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq27 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria27 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan23 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins111 kt (est. 18%)
- Switzerland: no crude data132 kt (21%)
- India: no crude data61 kt (10%)
- Kuwait: no crude data30 kt (5%)
- Türkiye: no crude data28 kt (4%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data15 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude not from imports7.8 kt (1%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported7.5 kt (1%)
- Spain: crude not from imports6.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Dec 2023)
61.2 thousand tonnes
10% of Spain's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- India: no crude data61 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 202,622 | 32.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 154,457 | 24.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Spain: road diesel supply | 131,582 | 21.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 61,226 | 9.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: road diesel supply | 30,254 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 27,756 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Spain: road diesel supply | 15,460 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 131,582 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 80,830 | 39.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 61,226 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 31,446 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 30,254 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 30,083 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 28,623 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 27,756 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 24,493 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 24,049 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 18,055 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 16,943 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 16,520 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 16,196 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 15,460 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 14,870 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 10,678 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 8,888 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 7,788 | 5.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy | 7,485 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Spain: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 6,527 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 6,352 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain (own refineries) | 3,540 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 2,012 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 1,701 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Switzerland: no crude data (131,582 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (61,226 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (30,254 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (27,756 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (15,460 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (7,788 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (7,485 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Spain: crude not from imports (6,527 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,701 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.