Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Spain's road diesel supply was 500 kt: 24% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (18%), Italy (13%) and Oman (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Brazil (5%) and Norway (5%), and 38% cannot be traced.
Country
United States77 kt (est. 15%)Brazil27 kt (est. 5%)Norway27 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria24 kt (est. 5%)Iraq23 kt (est. 5%)Libya20 kt (est. 4%)Angola16 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins97 kt (est. 19%)Oman: no crude data66 kt (13%)Türkiye: no crude data51 kt (10%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data33 kt (7%)Argentina: no crude data29 kt (6%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.3 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)118 kt (24%)Netherlands91 kt (18%)Italy66 kt (13%)Oman66 kt (13%)Türkiye51 kt (10%)United Arab Emirates33 kt (7%)Argentina29 kt (6%)Ireland25 kt (5%)Belgium21 kt (4%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply500 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Italy
- Oman
- Türkiye
- United Arab Emirates
- Argentina
- Ireland
- Other (2)
- United States77 kt (est. 15%)
- Brazil27 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway27 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria24 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq23 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya20 kt (est. 4%)
- Angola16 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins97 kt (est. 19%)
- Oman: no crude data66 kt (13%)
- Türkiye: no crude data51 kt (10%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data33 kt (7%)
- Argentina: no crude data29 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.3 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Oct 2023)
25.0 thousand tonnes
5% of Spain's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United States20 kt (est. 80%)
- Norway3.2 kt (est. 13%)
- Other crude origins1.2 kt (est. 5%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 118,457 | 23.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 91,110 | 18.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 66,492 | 13.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Oman | Spain: road diesel supply | 65,558 | 13.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 50,570 | 10.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Spain: road diesel supply | 33,171 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Argentina | Spain: road diesel supply | 28,890 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Ireland | Spain: road diesel supply | 25,047 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: road diesel supply | 21,181 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 65,558 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 50,570 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 40,342 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 33,171 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Argentina: no crude data | Argentina | 28,890 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 27,777 | 41.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 24,760 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 20,744 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Ireland | 19,939 | 79.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Spain split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 18,890 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 17,501 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 15,455 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 13,480 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 11,323 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 11,112 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 10,206 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 10,085 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 8,517 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 8,342 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 6,564 | 31.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 6,187 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 5,935 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 5,257 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3,726 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,521 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Ireland | 3,238 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Spain split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,076 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 3,039 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 2,408 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain (own refineries) | 2,176 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 2,166 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,144 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 2,074 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,041 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Italy | 1,810 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,515 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,334 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Ireland | 1,182 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Spain split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 1,144 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,103 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 980 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Ireland | 687 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 378 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 122 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 0 | 33.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 0 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 0 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 0 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 0 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 0 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 0 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 2.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Oman: no crude data (65,558 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (50,570 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (33,171 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Argentina: no crude data (28,890 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,274 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,229 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.