Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Spain's road diesel supply was 429 kt: 51% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Singapore (25%), Italy (14%) and Belgium (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), Brazil (10%) and Mexico (8%), and 27% cannot be traced.
Country
United States44 kt (est. 10%)Brazil42 kt (est. 10%)Mexico35 kt (est. 8%)Libya32 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria29 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan19 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia16 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins98 kt (est. 23%)Singapore: no crude data105 kt (25%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)218 kt (51%)Singapore105 kt (25%)Italy61 kt (14%)Belgium24 kt (6%)Netherlands21 kt (5%)Spain: road diesel supply429 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Singapore
- Italy
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- United States44 kt (est. 10%)
- Brazil42 kt (est. 10%)
- Mexico35 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya32 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria29 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan19 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia16 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins98 kt (est. 23%)
- Singapore: no crude data105 kt (25%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Feb 2025)
61.4 thousand tonnes
14% of Spain's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins23 kt (est. 37%)
- Libya14 kt (est. 23%)
- Kazakhstan7.4 kt (est. 12%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 217,992 | 50.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 105,284 | 24.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 61,353 | 14.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: road diesel supply | 23,657 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 20,786 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 105,284 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 55,572 | 25.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 37,698 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 34,367 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 30,081 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 23,641 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 22,575 | 36.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 15,604 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 14,271 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 12,184 | 51.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 10,880 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 7,901 | 38.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 7,408 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 6,150 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,448 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 4,642 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,532 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 3,998 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Italy | 3,872 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 3,565 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,132 | 5.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,557 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,423 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,650 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,331 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,275 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,146 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,019 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 969 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 868 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 821 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 789 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 683 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 409 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 295 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 27 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Singapore: no crude data (105,284 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,420 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,159 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.