Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Spain's road diesel supply was 535 kt: 41% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (17%), the United States (14%) and Italy (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Nigeria (8%) and Brazil (7%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
United States76 kt (est. 14%)Nigeria42 kt (est. 8%)Brazil36 kt (est. 7%)Mexico33 kt (est. 6%)Libya24 kt (est. 5%)Angola23 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan21 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins111 kt (est. 21%)United States: no crude data73 kt (14%)Türkiye: no crude data44 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data10.0 kt (2%)Egypt: no crude data8.7 kt (2%)United Kingdom: no crude data8.5 kt (2%)Other suppliers: no crude data7.1 kt (1%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)218 kt (41%)Netherlands90 kt (17%)United States73 kt (14%)Italy49 kt (9%)Türkiye44 kt (8%)France12 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia10.0 kt (2%)Belgium9.7 kt (2%)Egypt8.7 kt (2%)United Kingdom8.5 kt (2%)Other suppliers12 kt (2%)Spain: road diesel supply535 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United States
- Italy
- Türkiye
- France
- Saudi Arabia
- Belgium
- Other (4)
- United States76 kt (est. 14%)
- Nigeria42 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil36 kt (est. 7%)
- Mexico33 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya24 kt (est. 5%)
- Angola23 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan21 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins111 kt (est. 21%)
- United States: no crude data73 kt (14%)
- Türkiye: no crude data44 kt (8%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data10.0 kt (2%)
- Egypt: no crude data8.7 kt (2%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data8.5 kt (2%)
- Other suppliers: no crude data7.1 kt (1%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2024)
21.0 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Spain's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported21 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands6.1 kt (est. 29%)
- Spain (own refineries)6.1 kt (est. 29%)
- Italy5.8 kt (est. 28%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 218,411 | 40.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 89,822 | 16.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 73,491 | 13.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 48,594 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 43,608 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Spain: road diesel supply | 12,156 | 2.3% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| France | Spain: road diesel supply | 12,154 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 9,997 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: road diesel supply | 9,732 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Spain: road diesel supply | 8,678 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Spain: road diesel supply | 8,471 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 73,491 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 48,006 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 43,608 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 39,465 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 35,304 | 39.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 32,251 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 28,204 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 26,697 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 25,770 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 19,855 | 40.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 19,294 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 15,002 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 9,997 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 8,798 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 8,678 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 8,471 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 7,849 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 7,815 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other suppliers: no crude data | Other suppliers | 7,051 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 6,149 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 6,055 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 5,830 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 5,526 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,368 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 5,105 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3,970 | 32.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,902 | 40.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 3,437 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 3,379 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2,759 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,038 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,962 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,640 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 1,568 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,480 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,372 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,317 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,021 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 976 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 822 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 822 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Belgium | 793 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 619 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 440 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Italy | 439 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 288 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 211 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 180 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 42 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (73,491 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (43,608 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (9,997 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (8,678 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (8,471 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Other suppliers: no crude data (7,051 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (5,368 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,105 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,851 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,673 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.