Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Spain's road diesel supply was 760 kt: 36% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Oman (13%), Singapore (13%) and India (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (9%), Brazil (6%) and Nigeria (5%), and 48% cannot be traced.
Country
United States68 kt (est. 9%)Brazil42 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria39 kt (est. 5%)Mexico34 kt (est. 5%)Libya30 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan28 kt (est. 4%)Iraq24 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins128 kt (est. 17%)Oman: no crude data99 kt (13%)Singapore: no crude data98 kt (13%)India: no crude data98 kt (13%)United States: no crude data54 kt (7%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.8 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)272 kt (36%)Oman99 kt (13%)Singapore98 kt (13%)India98 kt (13%)Netherlands90 kt (12%)United States54 kt (7%)Italy42 kt (6%)Belgium6.2 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply760 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Oman
- Singapore
- India
- Netherlands
- United States
- Italy
- Belgium
- Other (1)
- United States68 kt (est. 9%)
- Brazil42 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria39 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico34 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya30 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan28 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq24 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins128 kt (est. 17%)
- Oman: no crude data99 kt (13%)
- Singapore: no crude data98 kt (13%)
- India: no crude data98 kt (13%)
- United States: no crude data54 kt (7%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2025)
28.4 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Spain's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported28 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands13 kt (est. 45%)
- Spain (own refineries)9.1 kt (est. 32%)
- Italy5.2 kt (est. 18%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 272,162 | 35.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Oman | Spain: road diesel supply | 98,646 | 13.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 98,305 | 12.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 97,647 | 12.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 90,471 | 11.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 54,198 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 42,484 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: road diesel supply | 6,193 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 98,646 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 98,305 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 97,647 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 77,980 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 54,198 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 47,113 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 34,133 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 32,778 | 36.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 31,240 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 31,218 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 20,831 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 17,052 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 14,456 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 14,138 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 12,828 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 9,150 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 9,130 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 8,739 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 7,314 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,641 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 6,360 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 5,184 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,119 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,796 | 8.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 3,343 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,174 | 51.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,514 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,093 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,968 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,219 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 765 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 380 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 241 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 158 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 99 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 80 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Belgium | 77 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 17 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 13 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 9 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 7 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 6 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 6 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 4 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Oman: no crude data (98,646 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (98,305 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (97,647 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (54,198 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (10,159 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,800 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.