Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Spain's road diesel supply was 799 kt: 34% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (21%), the Netherlands (11%) and the United Kingdom (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (11%), Brazil (8%) and Nigeria (7%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
United States89 kt (est. 11%)Brazil64 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria53 kt (est. 7%)Libya52 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan50 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia38 kt (est. 5%)Mexico38 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins159 kt (est. 20%)United Kingdom: no crude data76 kt (10%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data54 kt (7%)India: no crude data34 kt (4%)Egypt: no crude data34 kt (4%)United States: no crude data22 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported15 kt (2%)Italy: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)Türkiye: no crude data10 kt (1%)Spain (own refineries)272 kt (34%)Italy164 kt (21%)Netherlands91 kt (11%)United Kingdom76 kt (10%)United Arab Emirates54 kt (7%)Portugal42 kt (5%)India34 kt (4%)Egypt34 kt (4%)United States22 kt (3%)Türkiye10 kt (1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply799 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- United Arab Emirates
- Portugal
- India
- Egypt
- Other (3)
- United States89 kt (est. 11%)
- Brazil64 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria53 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya52 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan50 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia38 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico38 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins159 kt (est. 20%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data76 kt (10%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data54 kt (7%)
- India: no crude data34 kt (4%)
- Egypt: no crude data34 kt (4%)
- United States: no crude data22 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported15 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)
- Türkiye: no crude data10 kt (1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2024)
51.6 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Spain's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported52 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Italy32 kt (est. 62%)
- Spain (own refineries)18 kt (est. 35%)
- Portugal1.5 kt (est. 3%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 271,846 | 34.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 164,333 | 20.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 90,906 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Spain: road diesel supply | 76,069 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Spain: road diesel supply | 53,837 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Spain: road diesel supply | 42,241 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 33,849 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Spain: road diesel supply | 33,816 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 21,961 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 10,481 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 76,069 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 60,189 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 54,252 | 33.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 53,837 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 47,156 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 37,611 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 36,373 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 34,976 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 33,849 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 33,816 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 31,963 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 29,120 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 26,673 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 24,401 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 21,961 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 18,176 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 17,685 | 41.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 17,205 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 15,320 | 36.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 13,485 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 13,145 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 12,285 | 7.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 12,182 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 10,520 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 10,481 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 8,889 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 8,625 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 7,015 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,972 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 6,117 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,887 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 4,286 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 3,470 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 3,422 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal | 1,479 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,446 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 9 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 5 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 1 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (76,069 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (53,837 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (33,849 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (33,816 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (21,961 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (15,433 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (12,285 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (10,481 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.