Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Spain's road diesel supply was 878 kt: 27% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Singapore (12%), Saudi Arabia (12%) and Italy (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (8%), the United States (5%) and Libya (5%), and 53% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil72 kt (est. 8%)United States48 kt (est. 5%)Libya44 kt (est. 5%)Mexico34 kt (est. 4%)Algeria33 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria30 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan29 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins122 kt (est. 14%)Singapore: no crude data110 kt (12%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data104 kt (12%)Kuwait: no crude data79 kt (9%)India: no crude data69 kt (8%)United States: no crude data38 kt (4%)Morocco: no crude data35 kt (4%)Other suppliers: no crude data23 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)236 kt (27%)Singapore110 kt (12%)Saudi Arabia104 kt (12%)Italy92 kt (11%)Kuwait79 kt (9%)India69 kt (8%)Portugal66 kt (8%)United States38 kt (4%)Morocco35 kt (4%)Netherlands27 kt (3%)Other suppliers23 kt (3%)Spain: road diesel supply878 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Singapore
- Saudi Arabia
- Italy
- Kuwait
- India
- Portugal
- United States
- Other (4)
- Brazil72 kt (est. 8%)
- United States48 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya44 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico34 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria33 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria30 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan29 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins122 kt (est. 14%)
- Singapore: no crude data110 kt (12%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data104 kt (12%)
- Kuwait: no crude data79 kt (9%)
- India: no crude data69 kt (8%)
- United States: no crude data38 kt (4%)
- Morocco: no crude data35 kt (4%)
- Other suppliers: no crude data23 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2025)
44.4 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of Spain's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported44 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Spain (own refineries)22 kt (est. 49%)
- Italy22 kt (est. 49%)
- Netherlands1.1 kt (est. 3%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 235,851 | 26.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 109,632 | 12.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 104,319 | 11.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 92,404 | 10.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: road diesel supply | 78,771 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 69,335 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Spain: road diesel supply | 65,881 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 38,025 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Morocco | Spain: road diesel supply | 34,508 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 26,570 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Spain: road diesel supply | 22,928 | 2.6% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 109,632 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 104,319 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 78,771 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 69,335 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 62,500 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 41,064 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 38,025 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Morocco: no crude data | Morocco | 34,508 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 33,769 | 36.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 32,551 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 32,099 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 27,109 | 41.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other suppliers: no crude data | Other suppliers | 22,916 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 21,689 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 21,555 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 18,409 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain (own refineries) | 15,660 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 14,199 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal | 13,650 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 13,009 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 11,880 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 11,566 | 43.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 7,412 | 8.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 6,406 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,399 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 5,386 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 4,517 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 4,052 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 3,910 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 3,713 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 2,226 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,665 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,541 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 1,425 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,238 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,110 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 2 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 2 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 2 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 2 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 1 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 1 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Other suppliers | 0 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Singapore: no crude data (109,632 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (104,319 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (78,771 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (69,335 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (38,025 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Morocco: no crude data (34,508 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Other suppliers: no crude data (22,916 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,413 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,665 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.