Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Spain's road diesel supply was 619 kt: 44% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (19%), Italy (14%) and Singapore (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (11%), Nigeria (7%) and Brazil (7%), and 33% cannot be traced.
Country
United States66 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria44 kt (est. 7%)Brazil40 kt (est. 7%)Libya39 kt (est. 6%)Mexico31 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan28 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia25 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins142 kt (est. 23%)United States: no crude data119 kt (19%)Singapore: no crude data72 kt (12%)Italy: crude not from imports6.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)274 kt (44%)United States119 kt (19%)Italy84 kt (14%)Singapore72 kt (12%)Netherlands70 kt (11%)Spain: road diesel supply619 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- United States
- Italy
- Singapore
- Netherlands
- United States66 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria44 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil40 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya39 kt (est. 6%)
- Mexico31 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan28 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia25 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins142 kt (est. 23%)
- United States: no crude data119 kt (19%)
- Singapore: no crude data72 kt (12%)
- Italy: crude not from imports6.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2025)
39.1 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Spain's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported39 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy20 kt (est. 52%)
- Spain (own refineries)19 kt (est. 48%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 273,808 | 44.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 119,198 | 19.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 84,261 | 13.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 71,815 | 11.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 69,575 | 11.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 119,198 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 87,085 | 31.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 71,815 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 45,017 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 34,292 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 31,385 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 30,451 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 29,739 | 42.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 25,195 | 29.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 20,242 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 18,899 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 17,883 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 13,625 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 10,423 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 8,970 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 8,797 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 7,604 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 6,892 | 8.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 6,666 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 6,219 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 5,879 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,302 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,029 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 3,259 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 791 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (119,198 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (71,815 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (6,892 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,302 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.