Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Spain's road diesel supply was 555 kt: 24% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (29%), Singapore (21%) and Italy (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (7%), and 60% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya38 kt (est. 7%)United States28 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria21 kt (est. 4%)Iraq19 kt (est. 3%)Mexico15 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan14 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia14 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins75 kt (est. 14%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data160 kt (29%)Singapore: no crude data118 kt (21%)United States: no crude data48 kt (9%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)136 kt (24%)Saudi Arabia160 kt (29%)Singapore118 kt (21%)Italy94 kt (17%)United States48 kt (9%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply555 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Saudi Arabia
- Spain (own refineries)
- Singapore
- Italy
- United States
- France
- Libya38 kt (est. 7%)
- United States28 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria21 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq19 kt (est. 3%)
- Mexico15 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan14 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia14 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins75 kt (est. 14%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data160 kt (29%)
- Singapore: no crude data118 kt (21%)
- United States: no crude data48 kt (9%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2026)
38.1 thousand tonnes
est. 7% of Spain's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported38 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy25 kt (est. 67%)
- Spain (own refineries)13 kt (est. 33%)
- Franceless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 159,546 | 28.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 135,515 | 24.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 118,373 | 21.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 93,772 | 16.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 47,845 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 159,546 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 118,373 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 53,645 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 47,845 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 25,478 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 21,801 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 20,103 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 18,339 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 14,377 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 12,864 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 12,600 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 10,736 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 7,929 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 7,509 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 7,228 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 6,998 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,886 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,723 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 2,357 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Mexico | Italy | 1,715 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 12 | 40.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 10 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 0 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (159,546 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (118,373 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (47,845 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,886 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,357 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.