Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Spain's road diesel supply was 520 kt: 43% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (13%), the United States (11%) and France (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (11%), Libya (7%) and Iraq (7%), and 32% cannot be traced.
Country
United States55 kt (est. 11%)Libya36 kt (est. 7%)Iraq34 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria32 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia27 kt (est. 5%)Mexico25 kt (est. 5%)Brazil24 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins122 kt (est. 23%)United States: no crude data57 kt (11%)Switzerland: no crude data34 kt (7%)India: no crude data33 kt (6%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data22 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data5.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.5 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown4.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.9 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)224 kt (43%)Italy68 kt (13%)United States57 kt (11%)France38 kt (7%)Switzerland34 kt (7%)Greece34 kt (6%)India33 kt (6%)United Arab Emirates22 kt (4%)Kuwait5.9 kt (1%)Malta0.9 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported4.2 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply520 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- United States
- France
- Switzerland
- Greece
- India
- United Arab Emirates
- Other (3)
- United States55 kt (est. 11%)
- Libya36 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq34 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria32 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia27 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico25 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil24 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins122 kt (est. 23%)
- United States: no crude data57 kt (11%)
- Switzerland: no crude data34 kt (7%)
- India: no crude data33 kt (6%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data22 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data5.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.5 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown4.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Sep 2023)
915 tonnes
<1% of Spain's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.9 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 223,689 | 43.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 67,701 | 13.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 57,230 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Spain: road diesel supply | 37,828 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Spain: road diesel supply | 33,987 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Spain: road diesel supply | 33,502 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 33,320 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Spain: road diesel supply | 22,207 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: road diesel supply | 5,867 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Spain: road diesel supply | 4,167 | 0.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Malta | Spain: road diesel supply | 915 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 67,191 | 30.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 57,230 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 35,896 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 33,987 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 33,320 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 27,868 | 41.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 25,343 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 24,451 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 22,926 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 22,207 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 17,043 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 16,062 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 14,381 | 38.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 14,380 | 42.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 12,803 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 12,068 | 36.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 11,947 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 11,867 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6,973 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 5,867 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Italy | 5,008 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 4,753 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 4,260 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 4,167 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,160 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 3,415 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 3,070 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2,930 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,267 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 1,869 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1,824 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,408 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,314 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,106 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 1,042 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Malta | 915 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Brazil | Greece | 747 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 739 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 636 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Mexico | Italy | 634 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 340 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (57,230 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Switzerland: no crude data (33,987 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (33,320 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (22,207 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (5,867 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,538 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (4,167 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,992 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (915 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Imports, origin not reported (4,167 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.