Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Spain's road diesel supply was 990 kt: 27% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (19%), Italy (13%) and the United Kingdom (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (12%), Nigeria (7%) and Brazil (5%), and 44% cannot be traced.
Country
United States114 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria64 kt (est. 7%)Brazil50 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan43 kt (est. 4%)Libya42 kt (est. 4%)Mexico42 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia36 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins160 kt (est. 16%)United Kingdom: no crude data110 kt (11%)United States: no crude data83 kt (8%)Türkiye: no crude data78 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data58 kt (6%)Egypt: no crude data49 kt (5%)India: no crude data25 kt (3%)Italy: crude not from imports13 kt (1%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)269 kt (27%)Netherlands192 kt (19%)Italy124 kt (13%)United Kingdom110 kt (11%)United States83 kt (8%)Türkiye78 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia58 kt (6%)Egypt49 kt (5%)India25 kt (3%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply990 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Italy
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Türkiye
- Saudi Arabia
- Egypt
- Other (2)
- United States114 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria64 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil50 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan43 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya42 kt (est. 4%)
- Mexico42 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia36 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins160 kt (est. 16%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data110 kt (11%)
- United States: no crude data83 kt (8%)
- Türkiye: no crude data78 kt (8%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data58 kt (6%)
- Egypt: no crude data49 kt (5%)
- India: no crude data25 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude not from imports13 kt (1%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Mar 2024)
41.8 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Spain's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported42 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Spain (own refineries)41 kt (est. 99%)
- Italy0.5 kt (est. 1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 268,529 | 27.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 192,492 | 19.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 123,954 | 12.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Spain: road diesel supply | 110,370 | 11.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 83,026 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 78,172 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 58,261 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Spain: road diesel supply | 49,406 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 25,350 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 110,370 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 83,026 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 78,172 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 67,305 | 35.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 58,261 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 56,009 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 53,574 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 49,406 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 44,993 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 41,679 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 41,272 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 39,318 | 31.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 35,996 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 25,350 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 23,852 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 18,432 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 17,025 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 15,537 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 15,272 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 14,709 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 14,543 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 12,934 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 12,689 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 12,213 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 11,447 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 11,336 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 7,518 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 6,346 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 4,557 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 2,147 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 2,101 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,690 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 481 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3 | 34.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 0 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (110,370 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (83,026 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (78,172 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (58,261 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (49,406 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (25,350 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (12,689 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (11,447 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,659 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,147 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.