Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Spain's road diesel supply was 833 kt: 33% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (20%), Singapore (17%) and the Netherlands (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (8%), Libya (8%) and Brazil (7%), and 36% cannot be traced.
Country
United States69 kt (est. 8%)Libya64 kt (est. 8%)Brazil60 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan49 kt (est. 6%)Mexico39 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria38 kt (est. 5%)Iraq30 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins181 kt (est. 22%)Singapore: no crude data141 kt (17%)Morocco: no crude data82 kt (10%)India: no crude data29 kt (3%)Türkiye: no crude data22 kt (3%)Egypt: no crude data11 kt (1%)Italy: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)275 kt (33%)Italy163 kt (20%)Singapore141 kt (17%)Netherlands111 kt (13%)Morocco82 kt (10%)India29 kt (3%)Türkiye22 kt (3%)Egypt11 kt (1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply833 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Singapore
- Netherlands
- Morocco
- India
- Türkiye
- Egypt
- Other (1)
- United States69 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya64 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil60 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan49 kt (est. 6%)
- Mexico39 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria38 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq30 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins181 kt (est. 22%)
- Singapore: no crude data141 kt (17%)
- Morocco: no crude data82 kt (10%)
- India: no crude data29 kt (3%)
- Türkiye: no crude data22 kt (3%)
- Egypt: no crude data11 kt (1%)
- Italy: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Mar 2025)
111.0 thousand tonnes
13% of Spain's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins37 kt (est. 33%)
- United States23 kt (est. 21%)
- Kazakhstan16 kt (est. 15%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 275,009 | 33.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 162,696 | 19.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 140,506 | 16.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 110,990 | 13.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Morocco | Spain: road diesel supply | 82,243 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 28,670 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 21,828 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Spain: road diesel supply | 11,306 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 140,506 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 92,522 | 33.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Morocco: no crude data | Morocco | 82,243 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 51,299 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 46,699 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 38,663 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 37,006 | 33.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 35,038 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 34,859 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 28,670 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 22,944 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 21,894 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 21,828 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 21,763 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 21,003 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 16,262 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 12,070 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 11,306 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy | 11,209 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 11,055 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 10,598 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 9,688 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 9,234 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 8,725 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 7,033 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 6,799 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 6,679 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 6,144 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 4,063 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 3,967 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1,478 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 8 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 5 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 3 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Singapore: no crude data (140,506 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Morocco: no crude data (82,243 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (28,670 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (21,828 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (11,306 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (10,598 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (7,033 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,479 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.