Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2026, Spain's road diesel supply was 511 kt: 31% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (27%), Singapore (20%) and Italy (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (6%) and Libya (5%), and 58% cannot be traced.
Country
United States29 kt (est. 6%)Libya27 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria24 kt (est. 5%)Mexico21 kt (est. 4%)Brazil16 kt (est. 3%)Iraq16 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins72 kt (est. 14%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data136 kt (27%)Singapore: no crude data100 kt (20%)United States: no crude data50 kt (10%)Italy: crude not from imports6.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)159 kt (31%)Saudi Arabia136 kt (27%)Singapore100 kt (20%)Italy66 kt (13%)United States50 kt (10%)Spain: road diesel supply511 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- Italy
- United States
- United States29 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya27 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria24 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico21 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil16 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq16 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins72 kt (est. 14%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data136 kt (27%)
- Singapore: no crude data100 kt (20%)
- United States: no crude data50 kt (10%)
- Italy: crude not from imports6.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jan 2026)
100.2 thousand tonnes
20% of Spain's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Singapore: no crude data100 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 159,406 | 31.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 135,545 | 26.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 100,176 | 19.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 65,576 | 12.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 50,207 | 9.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 135,545 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 100,176 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 50,209 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 50,207 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 23,124 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 21,619 | 33.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 21,420 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 20,669 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 16,069 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 15,872 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 11,015 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 9,946 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 7,150 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 6,528 | 10.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 5,826 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 5,763 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 5,696 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,132 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,645 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Italy | 297 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2026-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-11 to 2026-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (135,545 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (100,176 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (50,207 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (6,528 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,645 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.