Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, Spain's road diesel supply was 610 kt: 30% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (17%), Singapore (17%) and Italy (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (7%), and 57% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya45 kt (est. 7%)United States30 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria23 kt (est. 4%)Mexico23 kt (est. 4%)Brazil20 kt (est. 3%)Iraq17 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia17 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins86 kt (est. 14%)Kuwait: no crude data104 kt (17%)Singapore: no crude data103 kt (17%)United States: no crude data63 kt (10%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data38 kt (6%)Morocco: no crude data35 kt (6%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)181 kt (30%)Kuwait104 kt (17%)Singapore103 kt (17%)Italy86 kt (14%)United States63 kt (10%)Saudi Arabia38 kt (6%)Morocco35 kt (6%)Portugal0.1 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply610 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Singapore
- Italy
- United States
- Saudi Arabia
- Morocco
- Portugal
- Other (1)
- Libya45 kt (est. 7%)
- United States30 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria23 kt (est. 4%)
- Mexico23 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil20 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq17 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia17 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins86 kt (est. 14%)
- Kuwait: no crude data104 kt (17%)
- Singapore: no crude data103 kt (17%)
- United States: no crude data63 kt (10%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data38 kt (6%)
- Morocco: no crude data35 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Mar 2026)
38.2 thousand tonnes
6% of Spain's road diesel supply
Unknown
Refined in
- Saudi Arabia38 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 181,433 | 29.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Spain: road diesel supply | 103,772 | 17.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 102,963 | 16.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 85,511 | 14.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 63,425 | 10.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 38,178 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Morocco | Spain: road diesel supply | 35,000 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 103,772 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 102,963 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 63,425 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 55,023 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 38,178 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Morocco: no crude data | Morocco | 35,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 30,666 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 23,818 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 23,200 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 21,655 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 20,746 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 20,068 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 18,460 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 12,006 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 8,781 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 7,784 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 6,311 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 5,675 | 6.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 5,266 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 2,489 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,075 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,187 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 876 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 856 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 34 | 62.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 14 | 33.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 13 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 11 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 6 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 4 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 3 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 1 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (103,772 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (102,963 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (63,425 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (38,178 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Morocco: no crude data (35,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,551 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (857 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.