Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Spain's jet fuel supply was 260 kt: 15% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (50%), Kuwait (13%) and Indonesia (12%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 86% cannot be traced.
Country
United States5.9 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria4.9 kt (est. 2%)Mexico4.4 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan2.8 kt (est. 1%)Libya2.7 kt (est. 1%)Saudi Arabia2.6 kt (est. <1%)Brazil2.6 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 4%)India: no crude data129 kt (50%)Kuwait: no crude data33 kt (13%)Indonesia: no crude data30 kt (12%)Malta: no refinery29 kt (11%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)38 kt (15%)India129 kt (50%)Kuwait33 kt (13%)Indonesia30 kt (12%)Malta29 kt (11%)Spain: jet fuel supply260 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- India
- Spain (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Indonesia
- Malta
- United States5.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Nigeria4.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Mexico4.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan2.8 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya2.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Saudi Arabia2.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazil2.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins12 kt (est. 4%)
- India: no crude data129 kt (50%)
- Kuwait: no crude data33 kt (13%)
- Indonesia: no crude data30 kt (12%)
- Malta: no refinery29 kt (11%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | Spain: jet fuel supply | 129,037 | 49.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 38,245 | 14.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Spain: jet fuel supply | 33,049 | 12.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Indonesia | Spain: jet fuel supply | 29,945 | 11.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malta | Spain: jet fuel supply | 29,441 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 129,037 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 33,049 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Indonesia: no crude data | Indonesia | 29,945 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Malta: no refinery | Malta | 29,441 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 11,553 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 5,936 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 4,937 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 4,418 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 2,810 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 2,748 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 2,588 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 2,555 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 362 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 337 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (129,037 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (33,049 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Indonesia: no crude data (29,945 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malta: no refinery (29,441 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (362 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (337 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.