Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Spain's petrol supply was 893 kt: 95% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Nigeria (13%) and Mexico (11%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
United States139 kt (est. 16%)Nigeria112 kt (est. 13%)Mexico99 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan66 kt (est. 7%)Libya65 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia61 kt (est. 7%)Brazil58 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins275 kt (est. 31%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.6 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)852 kt (95%)Italy22 kt (2%)Netherlands15 kt (2%)Belgium3.7 kt (<1%)Portugal0.4 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply893 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Portugal
- France
- United States139 kt (est. 16%)
- Nigeria112 kt (est. 13%)
- Mexico99 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan66 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya65 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia61 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil58 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins275 kt (est. 31%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 851,874 | 95.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 21,808 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 14,996 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: petrol supply | 3,672 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 257,337 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 132,227 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 109,975 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 98,406 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 62,601 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 61,200 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 57,648 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 56,903 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 8,466 | 38.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 8,066 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 7,511 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 7,288 | 48.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 4,166 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,538 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,955 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 2,176 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,119 | 57.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,643 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,486 | 6.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,080 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 975 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 842 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 828 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 811 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 463 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 446 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 397 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 204 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 197 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 182 | 47.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 177 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 128 | 33.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 105 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 103 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 46 | 34.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 42 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 30 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 18 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 18 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 14 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 14 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 13 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 11 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 7 | 5.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 2 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (9,555 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,565 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.