Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Spain's petrol supply was 935 kt: 94% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Mexico (11%) and Nigeria (10%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
United States149 kt (est. 16%)Mexico99 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria96 kt (est. 10%)Brazil85 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia68 kt (est. 7%)Libya68 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan56 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins305 kt (est. 33%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)879 kt (94%)Italy30 kt (3%)Netherlands16 kt (2%)France5.2 kt (<1%)Belgium3.0 kt (<1%)Croatia1.5 kt (<1%)Portugal0.5 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply935 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Netherlands
- France
- Belgium
- Croatia
- Portugal
- United States149 kt (est. 16%)
- Mexico99 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria96 kt (est. 10%)
- Brazil85 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia68 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya68 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan56 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins305 kt (est. 33%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 878,582 | 94.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 29,918 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 16,250 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Spain: petrol supply | 5,247 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: petrol supply | 2,991 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia | Spain: petrol supply | 1,523 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 280,129 | 31.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 138,964 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 98,463 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 92,943 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 83,324 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 64,828 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 61,510 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 50,940 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 12,035 | 40.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 7,485 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 7,482 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Italy | 5,730 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,360 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,000 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 2,849 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,815 | 60.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1,720 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,681 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Croatia | 1,472 | 96.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's petrol to Spain split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,306 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,299 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,171 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,090 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 959 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 934 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 904 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 636 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 611 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 557 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 528 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 520 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | France | 485 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 365 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 347 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 289 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 200 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 188 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 188 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 138 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 104 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 104 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 96 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 73 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 53 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia | 51 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 23 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Portugal | 18 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 10 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 8 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9,101 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,390 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.