Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Spain's jet fuel supply was 148 kt: 30% from its own refineries, with imports from Saudi Arabia (25%), Kuwait (22%) and the South Korea (22%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 70% cannot be traced.
Country
United States7.2 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria5.1 kt (est. 3%)Mexico4.9 kt (est. 3%)Brazil4.6 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia3.4 kt (est. 2%)Angola3.4 kt (est. 2%)Libya3.2 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data38 kt (25%)Kuwait: no crude data33 kt (22%)South Korea: no crude data33 kt (22%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)45 kt (30%)Saudi Arabia38 kt (25%)Kuwait33 kt (22%)South Korea33 kt (22%)Spain: jet fuel supply148 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Kuwait
- South Korea
- United States7.2 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria5.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Mexico4.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil4.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia3.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Angola3.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya3.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins12 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data38 kt (25%)
- Kuwait: no crude data33 kt (22%)
- South Korea: no crude data33 kt (22%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 44,734 | 30.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: jet fuel supply | 37,627 | 25.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: jet fuel supply | 33,077 | 22.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| South Korea | Spain: jet fuel supply | 32,941 | 22.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 37,627 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 33,077 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 32,941 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 12,451 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 7,179 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 5,068 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 4,890 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 4,585 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 3,408 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 3,359 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 3,212 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 374 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 208 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (37,627 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (33,077 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- South Korea: no crude data (32,941 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (374 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (208 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.