Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Spain's petrol supply was 881 kt: 96% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Nigeria (11%) and Mexico (11%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
United States137 kt (est. 16%)Nigeria96 kt (est. 11%)Mexico93 kt (est. 11%)Brazil87 kt (est. 10%)Saudi Arabia65 kt (est. 7%)Angola64 kt (est. 7%)Libya62 kt (est. 7%)Other crude origins262 kt (est. 30%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.2 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)848 kt (96%)Croatia26 kt (3%)Italy6.8 kt (<1%)France0.3 kt (<1%)Portugal0.3 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply881 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Croatia
- Italy
- France
- Portugal
- United States137 kt (est. 16%)
- Nigeria96 kt (est. 11%)
- Mexico93 kt (est. 11%)
- Brazil87 kt (est. 10%)
- Saudi Arabia65 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola64 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya62 kt (est. 7%)
- Other crude origins262 kt (est. 30%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 847,720 | 96.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Croatia | Spain: petrol supply | 26,170 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 6,779 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 235,949 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 136,037 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 96,041 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 92,661 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 86,885 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 64,589 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 63,659 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 60,870 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Croatia | 22,829 | 87.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's petrol to Spain split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 7,082 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 3,947 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia | 3,341 | 12.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 3,159 | 46.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,282 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,196 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 476 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 227 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Italy | 133 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 132 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 123 | 40.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 121 | 42.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 111 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 91 | 31.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 63 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 59 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 56 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 34 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 28 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 24 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 18 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 15 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Portugal | 14 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 5 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 3 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 1 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,427 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (7,208 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.