Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Spain's jet fuel supply was 108 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Saudi Arabia (31%), Greece (28%) and Türkiye (25%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (13%), and 74% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq14 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan4.6 kt (est. 4%)Libya2.9 kt (est. 3%)Egypt1.4 kt (est. 1%)Saudi Arabia1.2 kt (est. 1%)United States0.9 kt (est. <1%)Norway0.7 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins2.1 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data33 kt (31%)Türkiye: no crude data27 kt (25%)India: no crude data18 kt (16%)Greece: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Saudi Arabia33 kt (31%)Greece30 kt (28%)Türkiye27 kt (25%)India18 kt (16%)Spain: jet fuel supply108 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Saudi Arabia
- Greece
- Türkiye
- India
- Iraq14 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan4.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya2.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Egypt1.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Saudi Arabia1.2 kt (est. 1%)
- United States0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins2.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data33 kt (31%)
- Türkiye: no crude data27 kt (25%)
- India: no crude data18 kt (16%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: jet fuel supply | 32,889 | 30.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Spain: jet fuel supply | 29,887 | 27.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: jet fuel supply | 27,478 | 25.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: jet fuel supply | 17,572 | 16.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 32,889 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 27,478 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 17,572 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 14,297 | 47.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 4,551 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,863 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,110 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt | Greece | 1,431 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,292 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,218 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 942 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 701 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 483 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (32,889 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (27,478 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (17,572 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (1,292 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (483 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.