Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Spain's petrol supply was 776 kt: 97% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Brazil (14%) and Nigeria (12%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
United States116 kt (est. 15%)Brazil108 kt (est. 14%)Nigeria90 kt (est. 12%)Angola66 kt (est. 8%)Mexico66 kt (est. 8%)Libya61 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia48 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins194 kt (est. 25%)Spain: crude not from imports21 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)753 kt (97%)Netherlands23 kt (3%)Portugal0.4 kt (<1%)France0.3 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply776 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Portugal
- France
- United States116 kt (est. 15%)
- Brazil108 kt (est. 14%)
- Nigeria90 kt (est. 12%)
- Angola66 kt (est. 8%)
- Mexico66 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya61 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia48 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins194 kt (est. 25%)
- Spain: crude not from imports21 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported7.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 752,617 | 97.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 22,916 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 183,716 | 24.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 109,130 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 105,492 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 87,681 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 65,508 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 64,994 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 61,191 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 47,398 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 21,160 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 10,176 | 44.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 6,364 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 6,347 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,495 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,867 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,118 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 597 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 298 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 163 | 46.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 137 | 48.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 108 | 30.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 82 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 52 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 31 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 17 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 14 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 13 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 7 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 6 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 4 | 1.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Spain: crude not from imports (21,160 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (7,469 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.