Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Spain's jet fuel supply was 94 kt: 29% from its own refineries, with imports from Türkiye (36%) and Greece (35%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (17%), Kazakhstan (7%) and the United States (6%), and 39% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq16 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan6.5 kt (est. 7%)United States6.0 kt (est. 6%)Libya5.8 kt (est. 6%)Brazil3.9 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria3.1 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia2.9 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins13 kt (est. 14%)Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (36%)Greece: crude not from imports1.5 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)27 kt (29%)Türkiye33 kt (36%)Greece33 kt (35%)Spain: jet fuel supply94 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Türkiye
- Greece
- Spain (own refineries)
- Iraq16 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan6.5 kt (est. 7%)
- United States6.0 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya5.8 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil3.9 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria3.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia2.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins13 kt (est. 14%)
- Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (36%)
- Greece: crude not from imports1.5 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye | Spain: jet fuel supply | 33,277 | 35.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Spain: jet fuel supply | 32,986 | 35.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 27,429 | 29.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 33,277 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 14,237 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 9,861 | 36.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 5,661 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 4,257 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 3,875 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 3,794 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 3,404 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 2,444 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 2,013 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 1,713 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 1,560 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude not from imports | Greece | 1,461 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 1,446 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,312 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 884 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 860 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 702 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 701 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 230 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (33,277 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude not from imports (1,461 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (932 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (884 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.