Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Spain's petrol supply was 862 kt: 94% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Brazil (14%) and Angola (9%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
United States134 kt (est. 16%)Brazil117 kt (est. 14%)Angola77 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria76 kt (est. 9%)Mexico66 kt (est. 8%)Libya64 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia48 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins241 kt (est. 28%)Spain: crude not from imports26 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)813 kt (94%)Italy31 kt (4%)Netherlands18 kt (2%)Portugal0.2 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply862 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Portugal
- France
- United States134 kt (est. 16%)
- Brazil117 kt (est. 14%)
- Angola77 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria76 kt (est. 9%)
- Mexico66 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya64 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia48 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins241 kt (est. 28%)
- Spain: crude not from imports26 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 813,127 | 94.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 30,773 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 18,034 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 218,492 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 126,195 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 114,864 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 76,247 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 72,455 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 65,922 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 59,672 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 46,260 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 26,194 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 15,278 | 49.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 7,389 | 41.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 6,825 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,871 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 4,791 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 3,376 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,984 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,863 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,771 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,565 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,552 | 5.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,491 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,136 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 554 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 401 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Italy | 395 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 237 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 154 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 96 | 44.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 87 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 69 | 31.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 36 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 34 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 21 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal | 16 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 12 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 9 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 5 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 4 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 3 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 1 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Spain: crude not from imports (26,194 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9,455 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,552 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.