Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, Spain's road diesel supply was 700 kt: 35% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (32%), Saudi Arabia (7%) and Italy (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Brazil (9%) and Nigeria (9%), and 26% cannot be traced.
Country
United States106 kt (est. 15%)Brazil64 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria60 kt (est. 9%)Angola36 kt (est. 5%)Norway31 kt (est. 4%)Mexico29 kt (est. 4%)Iraq29 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins164 kt (est. 23%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data46 kt (7%)Türkiye: no crude data40 kt (6%)United Kingdom: no crude data32 kt (5%)India: no crude data21 kt (3%)United States: no crude data14 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)Origin not reported: crude unknown2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)246 kt (35%)Netherlands223 kt (32%)Saudi Arabia46 kt (7%)Italy42 kt (6%)Türkiye40 kt (6%)Portugal33 kt (5%)United Kingdom32 kt (5%)India21 kt (3%)United States14 kt (2%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply700 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Saudi Arabia
- Italy
- Türkiye
- Portugal
- United Kingdom
- India
- Other (3)
- United States106 kt (est. 15%)
- Brazil64 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria60 kt (est. 9%)
- Angola36 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway31 kt (est. 4%)
- Mexico29 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq29 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins164 kt (est. 23%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data46 kt (7%)
- Türkiye: no crude data40 kt (6%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data32 kt (5%)
- India: no crude data21 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data14 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 245,779 | 35.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 223,339 | 31.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 46,431 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 42,084 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 39,544 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Spain: road diesel supply | 33,395 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Spain: road diesel supply | 31,804 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 21,300 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 14,261 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Spain: road diesel supply | 2,077 | 0.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 85,196 | 34.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 63,371 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 46,431 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 45,063 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 39,544 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 37,446 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 34,004 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 31,804 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 28,870 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 27,221 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 27,128 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 24,160 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 24,041 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 22,414 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 21,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 18,561 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 15,461 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 14,261 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 13,329 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 11,661 | 34.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 10,317 | 30.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 8,411 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 6,933 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 6,319 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 6,274 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 4,914 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 4,856 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal | 4,012 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,674 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,527 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 2,473 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 2,077 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,730 | 4.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Italy | 1,284 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain (own refineries) | 1,179 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal | 1,086 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 764 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Italy | 547 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 375 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 0 | 45.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 0 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 0 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 0 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 0 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 0 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (46,431 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (39,544 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (31,804 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (21,300 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (14,261 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (13,329 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (11,421 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (2,077 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,730 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (2,077 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.