Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, Spain's petrol supply was 916 kt: 93% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Brazil (13%) and Mexico (11%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
United States143 kt (est. 16%)Brazil122 kt (est. 13%)Mexico101 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria90 kt (est. 10%)Angola85 kt (est. 9%)Libya69 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia49 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins243 kt (est. 27%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.9 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)856 kt (93%)Netherlands30 kt (3%)Italy26 kt (3%)France3.5 kt (<1%)Portugal0.3 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply916 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Italy
- France
- Portugal
- United States143 kt (est. 16%)
- Brazil122 kt (est. 13%)
- Mexico101 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria90 kt (est. 10%)
- Angola85 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya69 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia49 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins243 kt (est. 27%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 855,595 | 93.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 30,446 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 25,971 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Spain: petrol supply | 3,493 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 218,506 | 25.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 130,356 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 118,373 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 100,503 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 84,104 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 83,691 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 64,539 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 46,916 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 12,162 | 46.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 11,007 | 36.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 8,639 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 8,608 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Italy | 4,290 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3,711 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 3,032 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,530 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,817 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,650 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1,647 | 47.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,559 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,170 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,067 | 4.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 945 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 942 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 855 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | France | 709 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 472 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 407 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Italy | 337 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 272 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 265 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 231 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 118 | 38.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 96 | 30.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 74 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 59 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 58 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 42 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal | 37 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 19 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (11,187 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,942 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.