Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Spain's jet fuel supply was 114 kt: 42% from its own refineries, with imports from Saudi Arabia (29%) and Cyprus (29%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (8%), Mexico (6%) and Nigeria (5%), and 59% cannot be traced.
Country
United States8.7 kt (est. 8%)Mexico7.1 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria6.2 kt (est. 5%)Brazil5.9 kt (est. 5%)Angola4.2 kt (est. 4%)Libya3.3 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia2.5 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins9.4 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data33 kt (29%)Cyprus: no refinery33 kt (29%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)48 kt (42%)Saudi Arabia33 kt (29%)Cyprus33 kt (29%)Spain: jet fuel supply114 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Cyprus
- United States8.7 kt (est. 8%)
- Mexico7.1 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria6.2 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil5.9 kt (est. 5%)
- Angola4.2 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya3.3 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia2.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins9.4 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data33 kt (29%)
- Cyprus: no refinery33 kt (29%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 47,917 | 42.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: jet fuel supply | 33,031 | 29.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Cyprus | Spain: jet fuel supply | 32,922 | 28.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 33,031 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Cyprus: no refinery | Cyprus | 32,922 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 9,377 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 8,658 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 7,075 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 6,188 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 5,857 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 4,233 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 3,291 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 2,483 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 754 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (33,031 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Cyprus: no refinery (32,922 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (754 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.