Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Spain's petrol supply was 778 kt: 91% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%), Mexico (13%) and Nigeria (12%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
United States138 kt (est. 18%)Mexico105 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria96 kt (est. 12%)Brazil89 kt (est. 11%)Angola63 kt (est. 8%)Libya60 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia40 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins173 kt (est. 22%)Spain: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)705 kt (91%)Italy61 kt (8%)Netherlands11 kt (1%)France0.4 kt (<1%)Portugal0.3 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply778 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Netherlands
- France
- Portugal
- United States138 kt (est. 18%)
- Mexico105 kt (est. 13%)
- Nigeria96 kt (est. 12%)
- Brazil89 kt (est. 11%)
- Angola63 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya60 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia40 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins173 kt (est. 22%)
- Spain: crude not from imports11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 705,217 | 90.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 61,099 | 7.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 11,252 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 138,005 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 127,427 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 104,132 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 91,067 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 86,201 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 62,299 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 48,438 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 36,549 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 29,744 | 48.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 11,098 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Italy | 11,062 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 6,948 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,496 | 40.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 4,249 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,228 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,550 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 2,061 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,725 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,656 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 983 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 979 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 696 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 672 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Mexico | Italy | 553 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Italy | 551 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 196 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 185 | 46.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 128 | 38.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 97 | 28.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 90 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 48 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 37 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal | 35 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 27 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 24 | 7.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | France | 20 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 15 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 9 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 8 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 7 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Spain: crude not from imports (11,098 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,741 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,751 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.