Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Spain's petrol supply was 785 kt: 97% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (17%), Nigeria (15%) and Mexico (15%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
United States132 kt (est. 17%)Nigeria120 kt (est. 15%)Mexico117 kt (est. 15%)Brazil103 kt (est. 13%)Angola55 kt (est. 7%)Libya55 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia43 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins139 kt (est. 18%)Spain: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)764 kt (97%)Italy11 kt (1%)Netherlands6.5 kt (<1%)Belgium3.1 kt (<1%)France0.3 kt (<1%)Portugal0.3 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply785 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- France
- Portugal
- United States132 kt (est. 17%)
- Nigeria120 kt (est. 15%)
- Mexico117 kt (est. 15%)
- Brazil103 kt (est. 13%)
- Angola55 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya55 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia43 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins139 kt (est. 18%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 764,002 | 97.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 11,181 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 6,457 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: petrol supply | 3,090 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 130,248 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 128,012 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 118,583 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 117,424 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 102,412 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 54,429 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 52,443 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 41,377 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 12,966 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 6,108 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 4,881 | 43.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,633 | 40.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 2,152 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,879 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,402 | 45.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,167 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,145 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 678 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 644 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 572 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 521 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 512 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 410 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 384 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 334 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 232 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 224 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Italy | 201 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 190 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Belgium | 161 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 156 | 45.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 152 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 118 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 93 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 93 | 36.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 91 | 35.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 71 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 49 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 44 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 43 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 23 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 17 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal | 14 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 12 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 11 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 9 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 8 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 5 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Spain: crude origin not reported (12,966 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,259 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (806 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.